What are typical side effects associated with anti-inflammatories?

Anti-inflammatories, particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) distress as a common side effect. This distress can manifest as symptoms like stomach pain, heartburn, nausea, or even gastrointestinal bleeding. The mechanism behind this is related to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which play a crucial role in the production of protective gastric mucosa. When these enzymes are inhibited, there is a reduction in the natural protective mechanisms of the stomach lining, leading to irritation and discomfort.

While other options, such as constipation or insomnia, may occur due to various factors, they are not typically associated with the usage of anti-inflammatories. Additionally, increased alertness is not a side effect of anti-inflammatories; instead, these medications are often used for pain relief and inflammation reduction and do not have stimulant properties. Thus, GI distress stands out as the most recognized and common side effect linked to anti-inflammatory medications.